Nominal participles are non-finite verb forms which are generated by means of apophony (Indo-European Ablaut) from some verbal roots and present participles (see 1•e•a.) They are not constituents of verb phrases, but can be noted in Persian in syntax of noun and adjectival phrases.
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a. Syntax
- Ablaut of the phoneme strings /ær/ and /or/ to /ɒr/ in the derivation of nominal participles from verbal roots:
/kær/ → /kɒr/ کار
/bor/ → /bɒr/ بار
/xor/ → /xɒr/ خوار
- Ablaut of the final vowel /ɒ/ to /un/ in the derivation of nominal participles from present participles:
/æfsɒ/ → /æfsun/ افسون
/æfzɒ/ → /æfzun/ افزون
/ɒzmɒ/ → /ɒzmun/ آزمون
/nemɒ/ → /nemun/ نمون
/sɒ/ → /sun/ سون
- Relative irregular mutation in the derivation of nominal participles from verbal roots:
/ɒvix/ → /ɒvæng/ آونگ
/færhix/ → /færhæng/ فرهنگ
/bor/ → /borin/ برین
/mor/ → /mærg/ مرگ
/neʃæs/ → /neʃimæn/ نشیمن
/pær/ → /pærvɒz/ پرواز
b. Application
- As nomina actionis:
- By nominalization:
اگر آزمون /ɒzmun/ را یکی خورد زهر
از آن خوردن‌ش درد و مرگ /mærg/ است بهر
Ferdowsi (10th and 11th Century AD)
- With the suffixes /-eʃ/, /-iʃ/, /-eʃt/ and /-eʃn/:
مردِ سرهنگ از آن نمونشِ /nemuneʃ/ راست
از سرِ خونِ آن صنم بر خاست
Nezami Gandjavi (12th and 13th Century AD)
دلی باید اندیشه را تیز و تند
برینش /borineʃ/ نیاید زِ شمشیرِ کند
Nezami Gandjavi (12th and 13th Century AD)
- By nominalization:
- As nomina loci, by nominalization: /neʃimæn/ نشیمن
- As nomina patientis:
- By adjectivization: /æfzun/ افزون, /borin/ برین
چون برید و داد او را یک برین
هم‌چو شکّر خوردش و چون انگبین
Rumi (13th Century AD)
- With the suffix /-æ/: /nemunæ/ نمونه
- By adjectivization: /æfzun/ افزون, /borin/ برین
- As simple nomina agentis:
- With the suffix /-ɒn/: /ɒvængɒn/ آونگان
- Simple nomina agentis can be replaced by nominal participles in the determinative composition in Persian:
گوشت‌خوار /guʃt-xɒr/، ظفرنمون /zæfær-nemun/
Such constellations are occasionally used with other sentence constituents, e.g. imperfective adverbials: /ruz-æfzun/ روزافزون