دستورِ زبانِ پارسی

Perfect participles are non-finite verb forms which appear in the syntax of indicative pre-present. They are generated by attaching the suffix /-æ/ to past participles (see 20•a.).

a. Application

Perfect participles have the following applications in Persian:

• Presumptive participles can be generated from perfect participles in the Tajik idiom by attaching the suffix /-i/ (see 12•۵.).
• As constituent of verb phrases:
  1. Using Perfect Participle as Predicate ↓
  2. Indicative past progressive (with the perfect participle /istɒdæ/, see 14•۱•d.)
  3. Indicative present progressive (with the perfect participle /istɒdæ/, see 14•۱•d.)
  4. Indicative pre-past (see 14•۱•f.)
  5. indicative pre-present (see 14•۱•f.)
  6. Narrative past perfective (see 14•۲.)
  7. Narrative past imperfective (see 14•۲.)
  8. Narrative past progressive (with the perfect participle /dɒʃtæ/, see 14•۲.)
  9. Narrative past progressive (with the perfect participles /budæ/ and /istɒdæ/, see 14•۲.)
  10. Narrative pre-past (see 14•۲.)
  11. (General) potential present (see 14•۳•a.)
  12. Potential present progressive (with the perfect participle /istɒdæ/, see 14•۳•b.)
  13. Potential pre-present (see 14•۳•c.)
  14. Potential future progressive (with the perfect participle /istɒdæ/, see 14•۳•e.)
  15. Potention pre-future (see 14•۳•e.)
  16. Presumptive present progressive (see 14•۴.)
  17. Subjunctive progressive (with the perfect participle /istɒdæ/, see 14•۵•b.)
  18. Subjunctive pre-past and pre-present (see 14•۵•c.)
  19. Imperative (see 14•۶.)
• The nominalized perfect participle /didæ/ دیده (= “eye”) is among nomina instrumenti:

  سد ره‌ت «لن ترانی» ار گویند

  باز می‌دار دیده بر دیدار!

  Hatef Esfahani (17^th and 18^th Century AD)

• By means of adjectivization of transitive perfect participles, one can generate nomina patientis: /koʃtæ/ کشته, /neveʃtæ/ نوشته, /boridæ/ بریده
• Intransitive perfect participles can be adjectivized to perfect nomen agentis: /ræftæ/ رفته, /mordæ/ مرده, /neʃæstæ/ نشسته
• In the Tajik idiom, progressive nomina agentis can be generated with the pattern [_AP[_VP[_Vperfect participle] [_Vpresumptive participle /istɒdægi/]]] (see 4•۲•a•c.):

  ماشینِ رفته ایستادگی /ræftæ istɒdægi/ ناگهان از حرکت باز ماند.

b. Using Perfect Participles as Predicates

In the copulative coordination of two sentences having the same subject and happening sequentially, the predicate of the first conjunct can be used in the shape of a perfect participle (see 17•a.), whereas the coordination can be used asyndetically:

پیرمرد فریادی کشیده، آناً مرد.

Modjtaba Minavi (20^th Century AD)

وقایعِ عمده‌یِ آن سال را بعضی‌ها در یک کتاب نوشته، انتشار می‌دهند.

Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda (19^th and 20^th Century AD)

آب بعد از این که به این حوض‌ها می‌رسید از آن‌ها جاری شده، بیرون می‌آمد.

Modjtaba Minavi (20^th Century AD)

Such a perfect participle falls in the same predicative subcategories as the predicate of the second conjunct.